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1 irregular grating
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > irregular grating
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2 irregular grating
Техника: нерегулярная дифракционная решётка -
3 irregular grating
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4 grating
1) решётка; сетка; перфорированный лист3) ограждающая решётка; ограждение; перила4) строит. ряж; шпальная клетка ( из стального проката); обрешётка; каркас6) грохот7) грохочение•-
absorption grating
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acoustic grating
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air grating
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alterable grating
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amplitude grating
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bar-type grating
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black-and-white grating
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blazed grating
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bleached holographic grating
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bleached grating
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chemically machined grating
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chirped grating
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circular grating
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circumferential grating
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color-center grating
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compensating grating
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concave grating
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constant frequency grating
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convex grating
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corrugated grating
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crossed grating
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cross grating
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crossed line grating
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crystal grating
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density grating
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depletion grating
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detecting grating
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dielectric-coated grating
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dielectric grating
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diffraction grating
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discontinuously moving grating
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distributed-feedback grating
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domain grating
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doubly sinusoidal grating
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echelette grating
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echelle grating
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echelon grating
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electrooptic grating
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etched grating
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field-induced phase grating
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finely ruled grating
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fixed grating
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fixed-frequency grating
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floor grating
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frequency encoded grating
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glass-sputtered grating
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grazing incidence grating
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grooved grating
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hologram grating
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interdigital grating
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interferometrically produced grating
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intracavity grating
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ion-etched grating
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irregular grating
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isometric bar grating
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laser-induced grating
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light-induced grating
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line grating
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lossless grating
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lossy grating
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low-noise grating
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master grating
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mechanically ruled grating
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one-photon absorption-induced grating
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one-way grating
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original grating
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phased grating
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phase grating
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photopolymer grating
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photoresist grating
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planar grating
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plank-type grating
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radial grating
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random grating
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rectangular-groove grating
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reference grating
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reflected grating
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refraction grating
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refractive-index grating
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regular grating
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replica grating
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roof grating
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sawtooth grating
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shallow grating
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shear wave grating
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sheet grating
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slit grating
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slit-and-bar grating
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space grating
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space-variant grating
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specimen grating
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stigmatic grating
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superimposed gratings
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superimposed grating
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surface grating
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synthetic grating
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thick grating
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thin grating
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three-beam grating
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transmission grating
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triangular profile grating
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two-photon absorption-induced grating
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ultrasonic grating
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variable-depth grating
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variable-frequency grating
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volume grating
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weighted grating
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zone grating -
5 irregular
неправильный; нестандартный; неправильной формы; имеющий неправильную форму; фасонный; неровный; изменчивый; нерегулярный; беспорядочный; не отвечающий нормам; незаконный; нелегитимный; неравномерный; несимметричный- irregular component - irregular feed - irregular grating - irregular loading - irregular motion - irregular pitch - irregular route service - irregular running - irregular-shaped - irregular spacing - irregular terrain - irregular track - irregular wear - grossly irregular - highly irregular -
6 нерегулярная дифракционная решетка
irregular grating, random gratingБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > нерегулярная дифракционная решетка
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7 нерегулярная дифракционная решетка
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > нерегулярная дифракционная решетка
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8 нерегулярная дифракционная решетка
irregular grating, random gratingРусско-английский политехнический словарь > нерегулярная дифракционная решетка
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9 нерегулярная дифракционная решётка
Engineering: irregular grating, random gratingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > нерегулярная дифракционная решётка
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10 rugged
1. a неровный, шероховатый; негладкий2. a грубый, морщинистый3. a нахмуренный4. a неотшлифованный, грубый5. a тяжёлый, трудный6. a сильный, твёрдый, прямой, стойкий7. a резкий8. a амер. крепкий; сильный9. a редк. суровый, ненастныйСинонимический ряд:1. boorish (adj.) boorish; churlish; cloddish; clodhopping; clownish; ill-bred; loutish; lowbred; lubberly; lumpish; robustious; swainish; uncivilized; uncultured; unpolished2. coarse (adj.) coarse; rude; uncultivated; unrefined3. grating (adj.) cacophonous; grating; inharmonious; scabrous4. hard (adj.) arduous; casehardened; difficile; difficult; effortful; formidable; hard; hardened; heavy; knotty; labored; laborious; operose; serious; slavish; sticky; strenuous; terrible; toilful; toilsome; tough; trying; uphill5. harsh (adj.) dry; harsh; hoarse; jarring; rasping; raucous; rusty; squawky; strident; stridulent; stridulous6. irregular (adj.) broken; craggy; hilly; irregular; jagged; ragged; rocky; stony; uneven7. rough (adj.) asperous; cragged; hairy; ironbound; rough; scraggy; unlevel; unsmooth8. severe (adj.) bitter; brutal; inclement; intemperate; rigorous; severe9. stormy (adj.) stormy; tempestuous10. strong (adj.) hale; hardy; healthy; lusty; muscular; robust; strong; sturdy11. tough (adj.) rough-and-tumble; strenuous; toughАнтонимический ряд:courteous; cultivated; delicate; easy; even; fair; feeble; flexible; frail; gentle; harmonious; level; lovely; polished; pretty; refined; smooth -
11 rough
1. n неровная местность2. n «бурьян», неровная часть поля3. n нечто грубое на видrough tongue — грубый язык, грубость
4. n нечто шероховатое, неровное5. n трудный, тяжёлый период в жизниthe rough and the smooth — превратности судьбы, неудачи и удачи
6. n неотделанность, незаконченность7. n необрушенный рис, падди8. n хулиган, буян9. n шип10. a неровный, шероховатый; шершавый11. a труднопроходимый12. a неотделанный; необработанный, неочищенныйrough rice — необрушенный рис, падди
rough machined — обработал начерно; обработанный начерно
faced rough — отделал начерно; отделанный начерно
13. a неотшлифованный14. a нестроганый15. a чёрный16. a неоштукатуренныйrough wall — неоштукатуренная стена; бутовая стена
17. a крупнозернистый18. a лохматый, косматый19. a черновойrough draft — эскиз, набросок
20. a приблизительный21. a грубый; неотёсанный, грубоватый; невежливыйrough manners — грубые манеры, неотёсанность
cloth that is rough to the touch — сукно, грубое на ощупь
rough and ready — сделанный кое-как; наспех; грубоватый
rough work — черновая работа; грубая работа
22. a жёсткий, резкийher voice was rough but had an appealing quality withal — голос у неё был резкий, но довольно приятный
23. a сл. непристойный24. a шумливый, драчливый; буйный; хулиганствующийrough children — распущенные дети, драчуны
25. a бурный, бушующий26. a резкий, порывистый27. a режущий слух, неприятный28. a терпкий29. a сильный, резкий; грубый30. a тяжёлый, неквалифицированный, чёрный31. a разг. трудный, горький, тяжёлыйrough luck — горькая доля, неудача
32. a суровый, лишённый комфорта33. a фон. произносимый с придыханиемwe drove over a rough road and were much shake n — мы ехали по выбоинам, и нас очень трясло
34. v делать шероховатым, грубымrough in — набрасывать вчерне; делать вчерне
35. v становиться шероховатым; грубеть36. v допускать грубость37. v допускать грубость по отношению к противнику38. v ерошить, лохматить, всклокочивать39. v волновать; рябить40. v волноваться, бурлить, бушевать41. v подковывать на шипы42. v преим. австрал. объезжатьСинонимический ряд:1. approximate (adj.) approximate; inexact; vague2. bluff (adj.) abrupt; bluff; blunt; breviloquent; brief; brusque; crusty; curt; gruff; short; short-spoken; snippety; snippy3. boisterous (adj.) boisterous; disorderly; raucous; riotous; violent4. bristly (adj.) bristly; hairy; hirsute; shaggy5. coarse (adj.) coarse; grainy; granular; gritty6. hard (adj.) arduous; backbreaking; bad; burdensome; demanding; difficile; difficult; effortful; exacting; formidable; hard; heavy; knotty; labored; laborious; onerous; operose; oppressive; rigorous; serious; severe; slavish; sticky; strenuous; taxing; terrible; tight; toilful; toilsome; tough; tricksy; trying; uphill; weighty7. harsh (adj.) discordant; dry; grating; harsh; hoarse; jarring; rasping; raspy; rusty; squawky; strident; stridulent; stridulous8. indecorous (adj.) improper; indecent; indecorous; malodorous; ridiculous; unbecoming; undecorous; ungodly; unseemly; untoward9. irregular (adj.) asperous; bitter; brutal; bumpy; cragged; craggy; ironbound; irregular; jagged; ragged; rugged; scabrous; scraggy; severe; stony; uneven; unlevel; unsmooth10. raw (adj.) barbarian; barbaric; boorish; churlish; coarse; crass; crude; earthy; gross; incult; inelegant; low; Philistine; primitive; raw; tasteless; uncivilised; uncouth; uncultivated; vulgar11. rude (adj.) angular; lumpy; proximate; roughhewn; rude; undressed; unfashioned; unformed; unhewn; unworked12. stormy (adj.) agitated; blustering; blustery; dirty; disturbed; furious; inclement; raging; stormful; stormy; tempestuous; tumultuous; turbid; turbulent; unwrought; wild13. tight (adj.) sticky; tight; tricky14. tough (adj.) rough-and-tumble; strenuous; tough15. uncivil (adj.) impolite; indelicate; uncivil; uncultured; unrefined16. unfinished (adj.) imperfect; incomplete; plain; preliminary; sketchy; tentative; uncorrected; unfinished; unperfected; unpolished; unprepared; unset17. roughness (noun) irregularity; roughness; unevenness18. tough (noun) brawler; bullyboy; mucker; mug; plug-ugly; punk; rascal; roughneck; rowdy; ruffian; thug; tough; toughie; yahoo19. manhandle (verb) manhandle; slap aroundАнтонимический ряд:calm; complete; even; exact; fair; finished; hairless; harmonious; level; orderly; polished; precise; refined; regular; smooth -
12 asper
asper era, erum (poet., abl plur. aspris, V.), adj. with comp. and sup. [ab + spes], without hope, adverse, calamitous, troublesome, cruel, perilous: tempora: oppugnatio, Cs.: mala res, spes multo asperior, S.: venatus, V.: fata, V. — As subst: aspera multa pertulit, hardships, H. — Of nature and character, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, cruel: homo naturā: Iuno, V.: iuvenis monitoribus, H.: asperrimi ad condicionem pacis, L.: rebus non asper egenis, V.: cladibus asper, exasperated, O.: doctrina asperior: fores, i. e. of a cruel mistress, H.: Asperior tribulis (Galatea). more unfeeling, O. — Wild, savage, fierce: (anguis) siti, V.: tactu leo, H.: facetiae.—Of climate, harsh, severe: caelo Germania, Ta.: hiemps, S.: asperrimo hiemis, in the depth, Ta. — Of style, harsh: oratio. — Rough, uneven: regio: loca, Cs.: rura dumis, V.: rubus, prickly, V.: aequora ventis, H.: pocula signis, i. e. wrought in relief, V.: frons cornu, O.: capilli (i. e. hirsuti), H.: maria, stormy, V.: vinum, harsh, T.: pronuntiationis genus, rough: littera, i. e. the letter r, O.* * *Iaspera -um, asperior -or -us, asperrimus -a -um ADJrude/unrefined; cruel/violent/savage/raging/drastic; stern/severe/bitter; hard; rough/uneven/shaggy, coarse, harsh; embossed/encrusted; (mint condition coins); sharp/pointed, jagged/irregular, rugged/severe; sour, pungent, grating, keenIIaspra -um, asprior -or -us, asprissimus -a -um ADJrough/uneven, coarse/harsh; sharp/pointed; rude; savage; pungent; keen; bitter -
13 Asper
1.asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:I.aspris = asperis,
Verg. A. 2, 379;aspro = aspero,
Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).1.. Lit.:2.lingua aspera tactu,
Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:mixta aspera levibus,
Lucr. 2, 471:in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,
Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;lene, asperum,
id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,
Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.Leucas,
Luc. 1, 42:loca,
Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:viae asperae,
ib. Bar. 4, 26:vallis aspera,
ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:glacies,
Verg. E. 10, 49:hiems,
Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,
harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):aspera signis Pocula,
Verg. A. 9, 263:Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,
id. ib. 5, 267:signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,
Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:stantem extra pocula caprum,
Juv. 1, 76):Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,
Ov. M. 13, 701:aspera pocula,
Prop. 2, 6, 17:ebur,
Sen. Hippol. 899:balteus,
Val. Fl. 5, 578:cingula bacis,
Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:nummus,
not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:mare,
agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:barba,
Tib. 1, 8, 32:sentes,
Verg. A. 2, 379:rubus,
id. E. 3, 89:mucro,
Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:3.quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,
Mart. 11, 86, 1.—Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:II.latens in asperis radix,
Hor. Epod. 5, 67:aspera maris,
Tac. A. 4, 6:propter aspera et confragosa,
Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:per aspera et devia,
Suet. Tib. 60:erunt aspera in vias planas,
Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,
Tac. A. 3, 5.—Transf.1.Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:2.asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:asper sapor maris,
Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,
id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:asperrimum piper,
id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:acetum quam asperrimum,
id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:3. III.(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,
Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,
Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,
Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—Trop.A.a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):b.quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,
Cic. Planc. 16, 40:orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,
id. Brut. 34, 129:aspera Juno,
Verg. A. 1, 279:juvenis monitoribus asper,
Hor. A. P. 163:patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,
Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:rebus non asper egenis,
Verg. A. 8, 365:cladibus asper,
exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,
unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,
Ov. M. 13, 803:Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,
Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:asper contemptor divom Mezentius,
Verg. A. 7, 647:aspera Pholoe,
coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,
Cic. Mur. 29:(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,
id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,
Liv. 39, 40:(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,
Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:Camilla aspera,
id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,
Just. 2, 3:virgo aspera,
i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:B.(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,
Verg. G. 3, 434:bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,
id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:ille (lupus) asper Saevit,
Verg. A. 9, 62:lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,
Ov. M. 11, 402:ille (leo) asper retro redit,
Verg. A. 9, 794:tigris aspera,
Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:(equus) asper frena pati,
Sil. 3, 387.—Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):a.in periculis et asperis temporibus,
Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:venatus,
Verg. A. 8, 318:bellum,
Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:pugna,
Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:fata,
id. ib. 6, 882:odia,
id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:multa aspera,
Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,
Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:verba,
Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:vox,
Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—b. 1.Transf.:2.loqui,
Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:dicere,
id. 2, 8, 15:syllabae aspere coëuntes,
id. 1, 1, 37.—Trop.:2.aspere accipere aliquid,
Tac. A. 4, 31:aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:aspere agere aliquid,
Liv. 3, 50:aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,
Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:aspere et vehementer loqui,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:asperius loqui aliquid,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:asperius scribere de aliquo,
id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:asperrime loqui in aliquem,
Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:asperrime pati aliquid,
Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:asperrime saevire in aliquem,
Vell. 2, 7.Asper, eri, m.I.A cognomen of L. Trebonius:II.L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,
Liv. 3, 65, 4. —Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4. -
14 asper
1.asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:I.aspris = asperis,
Verg. A. 2, 379;aspro = aspero,
Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).1.. Lit.:2.lingua aspera tactu,
Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:mixta aspera levibus,
Lucr. 2, 471:in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,
Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;lene, asperum,
id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,
Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.Leucas,
Luc. 1, 42:loca,
Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:viae asperae,
ib. Bar. 4, 26:vallis aspera,
ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:glacies,
Verg. E. 10, 49:hiems,
Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,
harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):aspera signis Pocula,
Verg. A. 9, 263:Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,
id. ib. 5, 267:signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,
Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:stantem extra pocula caprum,
Juv. 1, 76):Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,
Ov. M. 13, 701:aspera pocula,
Prop. 2, 6, 17:ebur,
Sen. Hippol. 899:balteus,
Val. Fl. 5, 578:cingula bacis,
Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:nummus,
not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:mare,
agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:barba,
Tib. 1, 8, 32:sentes,
Verg. A. 2, 379:rubus,
id. E. 3, 89:mucro,
Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:3.quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,
Mart. 11, 86, 1.—Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:II.latens in asperis radix,
Hor. Epod. 5, 67:aspera maris,
Tac. A. 4, 6:propter aspera et confragosa,
Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:per aspera et devia,
Suet. Tib. 60:erunt aspera in vias planas,
Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,
Tac. A. 3, 5.—Transf.1.Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:2.asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:asper sapor maris,
Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,
id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:asperrimum piper,
id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:acetum quam asperrimum,
id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:3. III.(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,
Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,
Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,
Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—Trop.A.a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):b.quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,
Cic. Planc. 16, 40:orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,
id. Brut. 34, 129:aspera Juno,
Verg. A. 1, 279:juvenis monitoribus asper,
Hor. A. P. 163:patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,
Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:rebus non asper egenis,
Verg. A. 8, 365:cladibus asper,
exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,
unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,
Ov. M. 13, 803:Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,
Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:asper contemptor divom Mezentius,
Verg. A. 7, 647:aspera Pholoe,
coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,
Cic. Mur. 29:(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,
id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,
Liv. 39, 40:(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,
Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:Camilla aspera,
id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,
Just. 2, 3:virgo aspera,
i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:B.(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,
Verg. G. 3, 434:bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,
id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:ille (lupus) asper Saevit,
Verg. A. 9, 62:lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,
Ov. M. 11, 402:ille (leo) asper retro redit,
Verg. A. 9, 794:tigris aspera,
Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:(equus) asper frena pati,
Sil. 3, 387.—Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):a.in periculis et asperis temporibus,
Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:venatus,
Verg. A. 8, 318:bellum,
Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:pugna,
Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:fata,
id. ib. 6, 882:odia,
id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:multa aspera,
Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,
Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:verba,
Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:vox,
Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—b. 1.Transf.:2.loqui,
Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:dicere,
id. 2, 8, 15:syllabae aspere coëuntes,
id. 1, 1, 37.—Trop.:2.aspere accipere aliquid,
Tac. A. 4, 31:aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:aspere agere aliquid,
Liv. 3, 50:aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,
Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:aspere et vehementer loqui,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:asperius loqui aliquid,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:asperius scribere de aliquo,
id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:asperrime loqui in aliquem,
Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:asperrime pati aliquid,
Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:asperrime saevire in aliquem,
Vell. 2, 7.Asper, eri, m.I.A cognomen of L. Trebonius:II.L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,
Liv. 3, 65, 4. —Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4. -
15 asperum
1.asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:I.aspris = asperis,
Verg. A. 2, 379;aspro = aspero,
Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).1.. Lit.:2.lingua aspera tactu,
Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:mixta aspera levibus,
Lucr. 2, 471:in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,
Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;lene, asperum,
id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,
Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.Leucas,
Luc. 1, 42:loca,
Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:viae asperae,
ib. Bar. 4, 26:vallis aspera,
ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:glacies,
Verg. E. 10, 49:hiems,
Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,
harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):aspera signis Pocula,
Verg. A. 9, 263:Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,
id. ib. 5, 267:signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,
Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:stantem extra pocula caprum,
Juv. 1, 76):Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,
Ov. M. 13, 701:aspera pocula,
Prop. 2, 6, 17:ebur,
Sen. Hippol. 899:balteus,
Val. Fl. 5, 578:cingula bacis,
Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:nummus,
not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:mare,
agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:barba,
Tib. 1, 8, 32:sentes,
Verg. A. 2, 379:rubus,
id. E. 3, 89:mucro,
Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:3.quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,
Mart. 11, 86, 1.—Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:II.latens in asperis radix,
Hor. Epod. 5, 67:aspera maris,
Tac. A. 4, 6:propter aspera et confragosa,
Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:per aspera et devia,
Suet. Tib. 60:erunt aspera in vias planas,
Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,
Tac. A. 3, 5.—Transf.1.Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:2.asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:asper sapor maris,
Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,
id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:asperrimum piper,
id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:acetum quam asperrimum,
id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:3. III.(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,
Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,
Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,
Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—Trop.A.a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):b.quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,
Cic. Planc. 16, 40:orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,
id. Brut. 34, 129:aspera Juno,
Verg. A. 1, 279:juvenis monitoribus asper,
Hor. A. P. 163:patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,
Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:rebus non asper egenis,
Verg. A. 8, 365:cladibus asper,
exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,
unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,
Ov. M. 13, 803:Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,
Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:asper contemptor divom Mezentius,
Verg. A. 7, 647:aspera Pholoe,
coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,
Cic. Mur. 29:(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,
id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,
Liv. 39, 40:(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,
Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:Camilla aspera,
id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,
Just. 2, 3:virgo aspera,
i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:B.(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,
Verg. G. 3, 434:bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,
id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:ille (lupus) asper Saevit,
Verg. A. 9, 62:lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,
Ov. M. 11, 402:ille (leo) asper retro redit,
Verg. A. 9, 794:tigris aspera,
Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:(equus) asper frena pati,
Sil. 3, 387.—Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):a.in periculis et asperis temporibus,
Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:venatus,
Verg. A. 8, 318:bellum,
Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:pugna,
Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:fata,
id. ib. 6, 882:odia,
id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:multa aspera,
Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,
Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:verba,
Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:vox,
Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—b. 1.Transf.:2.loqui,
Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:dicere,
id. 2, 8, 15:syllabae aspere coëuntes,
id. 1, 1, 37.—Trop.:2.aspere accipere aliquid,
Tac. A. 4, 31:aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:aspere agere aliquid,
Liv. 3, 50:aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,
Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:aspere et vehementer loqui,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:asperius loqui aliquid,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:asperius scribere de aliquo,
id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:asperrime loqui in aliquem,
Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:asperrime pati aliquid,
Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:asperrime saevire in aliquem,
Vell. 2, 7.Asper, eri, m.I.A cognomen of L. Trebonius:II.L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,
Liv. 3, 65, 4. —Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.
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